Unknown Mexican artist 36 x 573 cm

Rituals [events] Footprints [foot impressions] Rulers [people] Calendars 1500 1500 The double-sided Codex Fernández Leal was named for the Mexican minister who sponsored its publication in 1895. Though produced in the mid-sixteenth century, this codex retains many pre-Columbian features, including its distinctive pictographic writing and its use of amatl [the Nahuatl word for paper]. Like its ancient predecessors, this codex records royal land titles and genealogy—that of the Cuicatec rulers in what is now northern Oaxaca—along with related historical events and calendrical themes.When Spanish soldiers, merchants, and missionaries took control of Mexico and dispossessed the Indian rulers and priests, they destroyed most of the ancient codices as works of superstition and witchcraft. Even amatl-making was banned as a form of idolatry, because of its frequent use in religious ceremonies. The Codex Fernández Leal is vital and tangible evidence of this turbulent history, as well as a record of the Cuicatec world. https://rdc.reed.edu/record/216819/files/P_147325.tif https://rdc.reed.edu/record/216819/files/P_147325.hocr https://rdc.reed.edu/record/216819/files/P_147325.txt Unknown Mexican artist 36 x 573 cm

Rituals [events] Footprints [foot impressions] Rulers [people] Calendars 1500 1500 The double-sided Codex Fernández Leal was named for the Mexican minister who sponsored its publication in 1895. Though produced in the mid-sixteenth century, this codex retains many pre-Columbian features, including its distinctive pictographic writing and its use of amatl [the Nahuatl word for paper]. Like its ancient predecessors, this codex records royal land titles and genealogy—that of the Cuicatec rulers in what is now northern Oaxaca—along with related historical events and calendrical themes.When Spanish soldiers, merchants, and missionaries took control of Mexico and dispossessed the Indian rulers and priests, they destroyed most of the ancient codices as works of superstition and witchcraft. Even amatl-making was banned as a form of idolatry, because of its frequent use in religious ceremonies. The Codex Fernández Leal is vital and tangible evidence of this turbulent history, as well as a record of the Cuicatec world. https://rdc.reed.edu/record/216823/files/P_147329.tif https://rdc.reed.edu/record/216823/files/P_147329.hocr https://rdc.reed.edu/record/216823/files/P_147329.txt Unknown Mexican artist 36 x 573 cm

Rituals [events] Footprints [foot impressions] Rulers [people] Calendars 1500 1500 The double-sided Codex Fernández Leal was named for the Mexican minister who sponsored its publication in 1895. Though produced in the mid-sixteenth century, this codex retains many pre-Columbian features, including its distinctive pictographic writing and its use of amatl [the Nahuatl word for paper]. Like its ancient predecessors, this codex records royal land titles and genealogy—that of the Cuicatec rulers in what is now northern Oaxaca—along with related historical events and calendrical themes.When Spanish soldiers, merchants, and missionaries took control of Mexico and dispossessed the Indian rulers and priests, they destroyed most of the ancient codices as works of superstition and witchcraft. Even amatl-making was banned as a form of idolatry, because of its frequent use in religious ceremonies. The Codex Fernández Leal is vital and tangible evidence of this turbulent history, as well as a record of the Cuicatec world. https://rdc.reed.edu/record/216813/files/P_147319.tif https://rdc.reed.edu/record/216813/files/P_147319.hocr https://rdc.reed.edu/record/216813/files/P_147319.txt Unknown Mexican artist 36 x 573 cm

Rituals [events] Footprints [foot impressions] Rulers [people] Calendars 1500 1500 The double-sided Codex Fernández Leal was named for the Mexican minister who sponsored its publication in 1895. Though produced in the mid-sixteenth century, this codex retains many pre-Columbian features, including its distinctive pictographic writing and its use of amatl [the Nahuatl word for paper]. Like its ancient predecessors, this codex records royal land titles and genealogy—that of the Cuicatec rulers in what is now northern Oaxaca—along with related historical events and calendrical themes.When Spanish soldiers, merchants, and missionaries took control of Mexico and dispossessed the Indian rulers and priests, they destroyed most of the ancient codices as works of superstition and witchcraft. Even amatl-making was banned as a form of idolatry, because of its frequent use in religious ceremonies. The Codex Fernández Leal is vital and tangible evidence of this turbulent history, as well as a record of the Cuicatec world. https://rdc.reed.edu/record/216812/files/P_147318.tif https://rdc.reed.edu/record/216812/files/P_147318.hocr https://rdc.reed.edu/record/216812/files/P_147318.txt Unknown Mexican artist 36 x 573 cm

Rituals [events] Footprints [foot impressions] Rulers [people] Calendars 1500 1500 The double-sided Codex Fernández Leal was named for the Mexican minister who sponsored its publication in 1895. Though produced in the mid-sixteenth century, this codex retains many pre-Columbian features, including its distinctive pictographic writing and its use of amatl [the Nahuatl word for paper]. Like its ancient predecessors, this codex records royal land titles and genealogy—that of the Cuicatec rulers in what is now northern Oaxaca—along with related historical events and calendrical themes.When Spanish soldiers, merchants, and missionaries took control of Mexico and dispossessed the Indian rulers and priests, they destroyed most of the ancient codices as works of superstition and witchcraft. Even amatl-making was banned as a form of idolatry, because of its frequent use in religious ceremonies. The Codex Fernández Leal is vital and tangible evidence of this turbulent history, as well as a record of the Cuicatec world. https://rdc.reed.edu/record/216814/files/P_147320.tif https://rdc.reed.edu/record/216814/files/P_147320.hocr https://rdc.reed.edu/record/216814/files/P_147320.txt Unknown Mexican artist 36 x 573 cm

Rituals [events] Footprints [foot impressions] Rulers [people] Calendars 1500 1500 The double-sided Codex Fernández Leal was named for the Mexican minister who sponsored its publication in 1895. Though produced in the mid-sixteenth century, this codex retains many pre-Columbian features, including its distinctive pictographic writing and its use of amatl [the Nahuatl word for paper]. Like its ancient predecessors, this codex records royal land titles and genealogy—that of the Cuicatec rulers in what is now northern Oaxaca—along with related historical events and calendrical themes.When Spanish soldiers, merchants, and missionaries took control of Mexico and dispossessed the Indian rulers and priests, they destroyed most of the ancient codices as works of superstition and witchcraft. Even amatl-making was banned as a form of idolatry, because of its frequent use in religious ceremonies. The Codex Fernández Leal is vital and tangible evidence of this turbulent history, as well as a record of the Cuicatec world. https://rdc.reed.edu/record/216822/files/P_147328.tif https://rdc.reed.edu/record/216822/files/P_147328.hocr https://rdc.reed.edu/record/216822/files/P_147328.txt Unknown Mexican artist 36 x 573 cm

Rituals [events] Footprints [foot impressions] Rulers [people] Calendars 1500 1500 The double-sided Codex Fernández Leal was named for the Mexican minister who sponsored its publication in 1895. Though produced in the mid-sixteenth century, this codex retains many pre-Columbian features, including its distinctive pictographic writing and its use of amatl [the Nahuatl word for paper]. Like its ancient predecessors, this codex records royal land titles and genealogy—that of the Cuicatec rulers in what is now northern Oaxaca—along with related historical events and calendrical themes.When Spanish soldiers, merchants, and missionaries took control of Mexico and dispossessed the Indian rulers and priests, they destroyed most of the ancient codices as works of superstition and witchcraft. Even amatl-making was banned as a form of idolatry, because of its frequent use in religious ceremonies. The Codex Fernández Leal is vital and tangible evidence of this turbulent history, as well as a record of the Cuicatec world. https://rdc.reed.edu/record/216824/files/P_147330.tif https://rdc.reed.edu/record/216824/files/P_147330.hocr https://rdc.reed.edu/record/216824/files/P_147330.txt Unknown Mexican artist 36 x 573 cm

Rituals [events] Footprints [foot impressions] Rulers [people] Calendars 1500 1500 The double-sided Codex Fernández Leal was named for the Mexican minister who sponsored its publication in 1895. Though produced in the mid-sixteenth century, this codex retains many pre-Columbian features, including its distinctive pictographic writing and its use of amatl [the Nahuatl word for paper]. Like its ancient predecessors, this codex records royal land titles and genealogy—that of the Cuicatec rulers in what is now northern Oaxaca—along with related historical events and calendrical themes.When Spanish soldiers, merchants, and missionaries took control of Mexico and dispossessed the Indian rulers and priests, they destroyed most of the ancient codices as works of superstition and witchcraft. Even amatl-making was banned as a form of idolatry, because of its frequent use in religious ceremonies. The Codex Fernández Leal is vital and tangible evidence of this turbulent history, as well as a record of the Cuicatec world. https://rdc.reed.edu/record/216821/files/P_147327.tif https://rdc.reed.edu/record/216821/files/P_147327.hocr https://rdc.reed.edu/record/216821/files/P_147327.txt Unknown Mexican artist 36 x 573 cm

Rituals [events] Footprints [foot impressions] Rulers [people] Calendars 1500 1500 The double-sided Codex Fernández Leal was named for the Mexican minister who sponsored its publication in 1895. Though produced in the mid-sixteenth century, this codex retains many pre-Columbian features, including its distinctive pictographic writing and its use of amatl [the Nahuatl word for paper]. Like its ancient predecessors, this codex records royal land titles and genealogy—that of the Cuicatec rulers in what is now northern Oaxaca—along with related historical events and calendrical themes.When Spanish soldiers, merchants, and missionaries took control of Mexico and dispossessed the Indian rulers and priests, they destroyed most of the ancient codices as works of superstition and witchcraft. Even amatl-making was banned as a form of idolatry, because of its frequent use in religious ceremonies. The Codex Fernández Leal is vital and tangible evidence of this turbulent history, as well as a record of the Cuicatec world. https://rdc.reed.edu/record/216815/files/P_147321.tif https://rdc.reed.edu/record/216815/files/P_147321.hocr https://rdc.reed.edu/record/216815/files/P_147321.txt Unknown Mexican artist 36 x 573 cm

Rituals [events] Footprints [foot impressions] Rulers [people] Calendars 1500 1500 The double-sided Codex Fernández Leal was named for the Mexican minister who sponsored its publication in 1895. Though produced in the mid-sixteenth century, this codex retains many pre-Columbian features, including its distinctive pictographic writing and its use of amatl [the Nahuatl word for paper]. Like its ancient predecessors, this codex records royal land titles and genealogy—that of the Cuicatec rulers in what is now northern Oaxaca—along with related historical events and calendrical themes.When Spanish soldiers, merchants, and missionaries took control of Mexico and dispossessed the Indian rulers and priests, they destroyed most of the ancient codices as works of superstition and witchcraft. Even amatl-making was banned as a form of idolatry, because of its frequent use in religious ceremonies. The Codex Fernández Leal is vital and tangible evidence of this turbulent history, as well as a record of the Cuicatec world. https://rdc.reed.edu/record/216817/files/P_147323.tif https://rdc.reed.edu/record/216817/files/P_147323.hocr https://rdc.reed.edu/record/216817/files/P_147323.txt Unknown Mexican artist 36 x 573 cm

Rituals [events] Rulers [people] Calendars 1500 1500 The double-sided Codex Fernández Leal was named for the Mexican minister who sponsored its publication in 1895. Though produced in the mid-sixteenth century, this codex retains many pre-Columbian features, including its distinctive pictographic writing and its use of amatl [the Nahuatl word for paper]. Like its ancient predecessors, this codex records royal land titles and genealogy—that of the Cuicatec rulers in what is now northern Oaxaca—along with related historical events and calendrical themes.When Spanish soldiers, merchants, and missionaries took control of Mexico and dispossessed the Indian rulers and priests, they destroyed most of the ancient codices as works of superstition and witchcraft. Even amatl-making was banned as a form of idolatry, because of its frequent use in religious ceremonies. The Codex Fernández Leal is vital and tangible evidence of this turbulent history, as well as a record of the Cuicatec world. https://rdc.reed.edu/record/216810/files/P_147316.tif https://rdc.reed.edu/record/216810/files/P_147316.hocr https://rdc.reed.edu/record/216810/files/P_147316.txt Unknown Mexican artist 36 x 573 cm

Rituals [events] Footprints [foot impressions] Rulers [people] Calendars 1500 1500 The double-sided Codex Fernández Leal was named for the Mexican minister who sponsored its publication in 1895. Though produced in the mid-sixteenth century, this codex retains many pre-Columbian features, including its distinctive pictographic writing and its use of amatl [the Nahuatl word for paper]. Like its ancient predecessors, this codex records royal land titles and genealogy—that of the Cuicatec rulers in what is now northern Oaxaca—along with related historical events and calendrical themes.When Spanish soldiers, merchants, and missionaries took control of Mexico and dispossessed the Indian rulers and priests, they destroyed most of the ancient codices as works of superstition and witchcraft. Even amatl-making was banned as a form of idolatry, because of its frequent use in religious ceremonies. The Codex Fernández Leal is vital and tangible evidence of this turbulent history, as well as a record of the Cuicatec world. https://rdc.reed.edu/record/216826/files/P_147332.tif https://rdc.reed.edu/record/216826/files/P_147332.hocr https://rdc.reed.edu/record/216826/files/P_147332.txt Unknown Mexican artist 36 x 573 cm

Rituals [events] Footprints [foot impressions] Rulers [people] Calendars 1500 1500 The double-sided Codex Fernández Leal was named for the Mexican minister who sponsored its publication in 1895. Though produced in the mid-sixteenth century, this codex retains many pre-Columbian features, including its distinctive pictographic writing and its use of amatl [the Nahuatl word for paper]. Like its ancient predecessors, this codex records royal land titles and genealogy—that of the Cuicatec rulers in what is now northern Oaxaca—along with related historical events and calendrical themes.When Spanish soldiers, merchants, and missionaries took control of Mexico and dispossessed the Indian rulers and priests, they destroyed most of the ancient codices as works of superstition and witchcraft. Even amatl-making was banned as a form of idolatry, because of its frequent use in religious ceremonies. The Codex Fernández Leal is vital and tangible evidence of this turbulent history, as well as a record of the Cuicatec world. https://rdc.reed.edu/record/216816/files/P_147322.tif https://rdc.reed.edu/record/216816/files/P_147322.hocr https://rdc.reed.edu/record/216816/files/P_147322.txt Unknown Mexican artist 36 x 573 cm

Rituals [events] Footprints [foot impressions] Rulers [people] Calendars 1500 1500 The double-sided Codex Fernández Leal was named for the Mexican minister who sponsored its publication in 1895. Though produced in the mid-sixteenth century, this codex retains many pre-Columbian features, including its distinctive pictographic writing and its use of amatl [the Nahuatl word for paper]. Like its ancient predecessors, this codex records royal land titles and genealogy—that of the Cuicatec rulers in what is now northern Oaxaca—along with related historical events and calendrical themes.When Spanish soldiers, merchants, and missionaries took control of Mexico and dispossessed the Indian rulers and priests, they destroyed most of the ancient codices as works of superstition and witchcraft. Even amatl-making was banned as a form of idolatry, because of its frequent use in religious ceremonies. The Codex Fernández Leal is vital and tangible evidence of this turbulent history, as well as a record of the Cuicatec world. https://rdc.reed.edu/record/216811/files/P_147317.tif https://rdc.reed.edu/record/216811/files/P_147317.hocr https://rdc.reed.edu/record/216811/files/P_147317.txt Unknown Mexican artist 36 x 573 cm

Rituals [events] Footprints [foot impressions] Rulers [people] Calendars 1500 1500 The double-sided Codex Fernández Leal was named for the Mexican minister who sponsored its publication in 1895. Though produced in the mid-sixteenth century, this codex retains many pre-Columbian features, including its distinctive pictographic writing and its use of amatl [the Nahuatl word for paper]. Like its ancient predecessors, this codex records royal land titles and genealogy—that of the Cuicatec rulers in what is now northern Oaxaca—along with related historical events and calendrical themes.When Spanish soldiers, merchants, and missionaries took control of Mexico and dispossessed the Indian rulers and priests, they destroyed most of the ancient codices as works of superstition and witchcraft. Even amatl-making was banned as a form of idolatry, because of its frequent use in religious ceremonies. The Codex Fernández Leal is vital and tangible evidence of this turbulent history, as well as a record of the Cuicatec world. https://rdc.reed.edu/record/216825/files/P_147331.tif https://rdc.reed.edu/record/216825/files/P_147331.hocr https://rdc.reed.edu/record/216825/files/P_147331.txt Unknown Mexican artist 36 x 573 cm

Rituals [events] Footprints [foot impressions] Rulers [people] Calendars 1500 1500 The double-sided Codex Fernández Leal was named for the Mexican minister who sponsored its publication in 1895. Though produced in the mid-sixteenth century, this codex retains many pre-Columbian features, including its distinctive pictographic writing and its use of amatl [the Nahuatl word for paper]. Like its ancient predecessors, this codex records royal land titles and genealogy—that of the Cuicatec rulers in what is now northern Oaxaca—along with related historical events and calendrical themes.When Spanish soldiers, merchants, and missionaries took control of Mexico and dispossessed the Indian rulers and priests, they destroyed most of the ancient codices as works of superstition and witchcraft. Even amatl-making was banned as a form of idolatry, because of its frequent use in religious ceremonies. The Codex Fernández Leal is vital and tangible evidence of this turbulent history, as well as a record of the Cuicatec world. https://rdc.reed.edu/record/216818/files/P_147324.tif https://rdc.reed.edu/record/216818/files/P_147324.hocr https://rdc.reed.edu/record/216818/files/P_147324.txt Unknown Mexican artist 36 x 573 cm

Rituals [events] Footprints [foot impressions] Rulers [people] Calendars 1500 1500 The double-sided Codex Fernández Leal was named for the Mexican minister who sponsored its publication in 1895. Though produced in the mid-sixteenth century, this codex retains many pre-Columbian features, including its distinctive pictographic writing and its use of amatl [the Nahuatl word for paper]. Like its ancient predecessors, this codex records royal land titles and genealogy—that of the Cuicatec rulers in what is now northern Oaxaca—along with related historical events and calendrical themes.When Spanish soldiers, merchants, and missionaries took control of Mexico and dispossessed the Indian rulers and priests, they destroyed most of the ancient codices as works of superstition and witchcraft. Even amatl-making was banned as a form of idolatry, because of its frequent use in religious ceremonies. The Codex Fernández Leal is vital and tangible evidence of this turbulent history, as well as a record of the Cuicatec world. https://rdc.reed.edu/record/216820/files/P_147326.tif https://rdc.reed.edu/record/216820/files/P_147326.hocr https://rdc.reed.edu/record/216820/files/P_147326.txt Unknown Mexican artist

Standing figures https://rdc.reed.edu/record/216827/files/P_147333.tif